1. 任伯年竹林赏砚图

1、吴昌硕（1844.8.1—1927.11.29），初名俊，又名俊卿，字昌硕，又署仓石、苍石，多别号，常见者有仓硕、老苍、老缶、苦铁、大聋、缶道人、石尊者等。浙江省孝丰县鄣吴村（今湖州市安吉县）人。晚清民国时期著名国画家、书法家、篆刻家，“后海派”代表，杭州西泠印社首任社长，与任伯年、蒲华、虚谷合称为“清末海派四大家”。

2、任颐（1840—1896），即任伯年，清末著名画家。初名润，字次远，号小楼，后改名颐，字伯年，别号山0上行者、寿道士等，以字行，浙江山阴航坞山（今杭州市萧山区）人。任伯年是我国近代杰出画家，在“四任”之中，成就最为突出，是“海上画派”中的佼佼者，“海派四杰”之一。

3、蒲华（1832—1911），原名成，字作英，又字卓英、竹云、竹英，号胥山野史、种竹道人，嘉兴人。与任颐、吴昌硕、虚谷同为清末海上画派先驱。父辈在嘉兴城内卖饺子为业，家境贫寒。幼年由外祖父教读，数年之间即能文。后从师林雪岩，习八股帖括之学。清咸丰三年（1853）秀才。因家贫无钱继续读书求取功名，遂耽于艺事，不图仕进。岁试时尝一题作两篇，不耐缮楷书，以文稿交换，由他人代缮写。

4、虚谷（1823－1896年），安徽新安（今歙县）人，俗姓朱，名怀仁。曾任清廷将官，因不愿奉命攻打太平天国而出家为僧，“意有感触，遂披辎人山”，但他不茹素，不礼佛，惟以书画自娱。后来在上海他还曾暗地帮助太平天国。虚谷出家后携笔带砚，云游四方，足迹遍涉大江南北的江、浙、皖三省，尤多往来于上海、苏州、扬州一带，以卖画为生，正如其诗云：“闲中写出三千幅，行乞人间作饭钱。”

2. 任伯年竹林赏砚图中的故事

这幅《东坡玩砚图》则以浓重的敷色为主调，配以细笔的人物描绘和逸笔草草的山石勾染，使画面的色调变化和线的运动和谐而自如。书童腰间一横二竖的红束带，在黑青色的画面上格外突出，既惊醒了画面的气氛，也表达了作者希望通过书童的身态及嘴部的细节描写来烘托东坡先生凝神把玩古砚甚久的良苦用心。萊垍頭條

画中的东坡和书童的描绘也神理俱得，这需要高超的传神写照本领。任伯年曾经历过严格的写真训练，能抓住人物的明显特生，既留意于对象的神态举止，又不徒貌似。他自云：“吾袱被投止时即无时不留意于主人之举止行动。今所传神者，不在貌也。”所以黄协埙称：“尝见其图《龙湫小像》淡墨淋漓，丰采毕露，虽仅有半面像者，一见即能辨认。”萊垍頭條

《东坡玩砚图》中之苏公坐于石凳上，双手平托一方古砚，正安闲自得地玩赏；身旁书童垂手侧立，虽仅侧面，然撅起的嘴唇和鼓鼓的双腮与东坡玩赏之久的氛围浑为一体，构成了完美的统一，可谓点睛之笔。萊垍頭條

苏轼论人物画曾言传神在颧颊，未尽在阿堵，东晋顾恺之也主张“其于诸象，则象各异迹”，要求准确抓住每一对象的性格和本质，抓住传神之点，不类型化、概念化。任氏作人物掌握了我国绘画传统中“熟想而默识”的本领，留心对人的的细观默察，尽意揣摩和把握人物的神态和性格特征，故笔下人物不仅造型准，而且神态肖。萊垍頭條

3. 竹林赏砚内容

玉管 “今来承玉管，布字改银钩。萊垍頭條

” （隋•薛道衡《初学记•咏苔纸》） 　　翠管 “玉窗抛翠管，清袖掩银鸾。” （唐•李远《观廉女真葬》） 　　银管 “蜀王宫树雪初消，银管填青点点描。” （元•袁桷《薛涛笺》） 　　象管 “象管细轴映瑞锦，玉麟棐几铺云肪。” （宋•米芾《寄薛郎中绍彭》）　　筠管 “窗里日光飞野马，案头筠管长蒲卢。” （唐•韩偓《安贫》） 　　斑管 “轻轻斑管书心事，细摺银笺写恨词。” （元•白仁甫《阳春曲题情》） 　　毫管 “云涛触风望，毫管和烟搦。聊记梦中游，留之问禅客。” （唐•陆龟蒙《纪梦游甘露寺》） 　　寸管 “本经史而为词章，盍展长才与寸管。” （清•林则徐《杭嘉湖三郡观风告示》） 　　毫 “夜开金钥诏辞臣，对御抽毫草帝纶。” （宋•王安石《题中书壁》） 　　紫毫 “江南石上有老兔，吃竹饮泉生紫毫。宣城工人采为笔，千万毛中选一毫。” （唐•白居易《紫毫笔》） 　　兔毫 “会得窥成绩，幽窗染兔毫。” （唐•罗隐《寄虔州薛大人》） 　　柔毫 “忆挈柔毫就石渠，春风花药袭襟裾。” （清•姚鼐《过程雨门墓下作》） 　　弱毫 “物新唯人旧，弱毫多所宜。”　　（晋•陶渊明《答庞参军》） 　　秋毫　 “转腕摧峰增崛崎，秋毫茧纸常相随。”　　（唐•朱逵《怀素草书歌》） 　　寸毫　 “文兮乏寸毫，武也无尺铁。平生所韬蓄，到死不开豁。” （唐•陆龟蒙《奉酬袭美先辈吴中苦雨》） 　　霜毫 “霜毫掷罢倚天寒，任作淋漓淡墨看。” （清•龚自珍《己亥杂诗》 　　银毫 “挥洒银毫，旧句他知道。”（清 孔尚任 《桃花扇·寄扇）　　中山毫 “隐侯三玄士，赠我栗冈砚。洒染中山毫，光映吴门练。” （唐•李白《殷十一赠栗冈砚》） 　　玉兔毫 “锋芒妙夺金鸣距，纤利精分玉兔毫。” （五代•齐己《寄黄晖处士》） 　　秋兔毫 “莫嫌文史不知武，要试饱霜秋兔毫。” （宋•黄庭坚《刘晖叔洮河绿石砚》） 　　毫锥 “策目穿如札，毫锋锐若锥。” （唐•白居易《代书诗一百韵寄微之》） 　　毫颖 “试卷波澜入毫颖，莫教欧九识刘几。” （金•周昂《送李天英下第》） 　　翰 “亦曾戏篇章，挥翰疾蒿矢。” （宋•王安石《送董伯懿归吉州》） 　　毫翰 “逸气假毫翰，清风在竹林。” （唐•孟浩然《洗然弟竹亭》） 　　柔翰 “弱冠弄柔翰，卓荦观群书。” （西晋•左思《咏史》） 　　弱翰 “岂无弱翰，才不克赡。” （晋•陆云《答大将军祭酒顾令文》） 　　寸翰 “骋我迳寸翰，流藻重华芳。” （魏 •曹植《薤露行》） 　　毛颖 “陶泓面冷真堪唾，毛颖头尖漫费呵。” （金•庞铸《冬夜直宿省中》） 　　霜兔 “自矜霜兔健，安有鲁鱼乖。” （元•倪瓒《画竹寄张天民》） 　　栗尾 “书来乞诗要自写，为把栗尾书溪藤。” （宋•苏轼《孙莘老求墨妙亭》） 　　鸡距 “鸡距初含润，龙鳞不自韬。” （宋•梅尧臣《九华隐士居陈生寄松管笔》） 　　诸毛 “又论诸毛功，劈水看蛟螭。” （唐•韩愈《寄崔二十六立之》） 　　毛锥 “驿书驰报儿单于，直用毛锥惊杀汝。” （宋•陆游《醉中作行草数纸》） 　　退锋郎 “秃友退锋郎，功成鬓发伤。” （清•陶谷《清异录•文用》）萊垍頭條

4. 竹林赏砚画的谁

《画我》-朱星潼萊垍頭條

作词：张亮條萊垍頭

作曲：楚博仁頭條萊垍

编曲：关剑條萊垍頭

雁归黄昏楼頭條萊垍

铜镜台落锈條萊垍頭

笔墨蘸尽头萊垍頭條

竹林月光幽頭條萊垍

青衣甩长袖垍頭條萊

两三盏酒后垍頭條萊

朝暮星辰下弦月垍頭條萊

一株红头香燃尽瘦條萊垍頭

美人卷珠帘牵住谁的手頭條萊垍

红梅压枝头萊垍頭條

咏叹调几首垍頭條萊

青花散温柔垍頭條萊

谁眼泪浸透萊垍頭條

今夜醉无休垍頭條萊

悲剧成诗后頭條萊垍

挥毫生情惹红尘萊垍頭條

一曲情字诀太老旧萊垍頭條

唱罢各天涯 自有琴声奏垍頭條萊

自画像画我萊垍頭條

忧伤的轮廓萊垍頭條

石獾尾青龙砚黑白色垍頭條萊

笔锋有转折萊垍頭條

眉宇间落寞垍頭條萊

若称经典作差几回合頭條萊垍

自画像画我萊垍頭條

空白的轮廓萊垍頭條

添枝头凤飞红霞金黄色頭條萊垍

风起釉色散了垍頭條萊

有谁记得我萊垍頭條

红梅压枝头萊垍頭條

咏叹调几首萊垍頭條

青花散温柔垍頭條萊

谁眼泪浸透垍頭條萊

今夜醉无休垍頭條萊

悲剧成诗后萊垍頭條

挥毫生情惹红尘萊垍頭條

一曲情字诀太老旧條萊垍頭

唱罢各天涯 自有琴声奏萊垍頭條

自画像画我萊垍頭條

忧伤的轮廓萊垍頭條

石獾尾青龙砚黑白色萊垍頭條

笔锋有转折條萊垍頭

眉宇间落寞垍頭條萊

若称经典作差几回合萊垍頭條

自画像画我萊垍頭條

空白的轮廓萊垍頭條

添枝头凤飞红霞金黄色萊垍頭條

风起釉色散了萊垍頭條

有谁记得我垍頭條萊

自画像画我萊垍頭條

忧伤的轮廓條萊垍頭

石獾尾青龙砚黑白色條萊垍頭

笔锋有转折垍頭條萊

眉宇间落寞萊垍頭條

若称经典作差几回合萊垍頭條

自画像画我頭條萊垍

空白的轮廓條萊垍頭

添枝头凤飞红霞金黄色萊垍頭條

风起釉色散了萊垍頭條

有谁记得我萊垍頭條

5. 任伯年山水画作品欣赏

唐代画钟馗出名的画家有：吴道子、任伯年、齐白石、徐悲鸿、范曾、徐翎超、王宽喜、陈光林、尹玉麟、董之一等。最具代表性的是吴道子，因为钟馗是隶属阴曹地府的官吏，又是道教中唯一万应之神，求什么得什么。据说唐玄宗梦见钟馗，请吴道子画了很多钟馗画像。

　　唐代画钟馗出名的画家萊垍頭條

垍頭條萊

　　自唐代画圣吴道子画了钟馗之后，钟馗画像就层出不穷，并且每个人笔下的钟馗各有千秋。但最早画钟馗出名的还属吴道子。吴道子是中国唐代的画家，被唐玄宗赐名道玄。垍頭條萊

　　唐玄宗在某次出游，沾染恶疾，无药可医，而再一次唐玄宗的梦中，梦见一个红衣小鬼偷东西，忽然有大鬼出现把小鬼吞吃到腹中，唐玄宗得知大鬼名叫钟馗，曾经高中状元，但当时的皇帝认为其貌不扬，不予录用，他一气之下撞死在大殿上。頭條萊垍

　　唐玄宗醒后，感怀钟馗遭遇，也认为是钟馗医治了自己的病，希望钟馗可以继续保护自己，所以找吴道子将钟馗画了下来。在开源年间吴道子被唐玄宗召入禁中为宫廷作画。萊垍頭條

　　而钟馗据说是阴曹地府的官吏，也是道教中唯一的万应之神，求什么就得什么，也是有求必应，所以钟馗也被后续许多画手作画，他的形象也陆陆续续走入百姓的生活中，继而演变出各种传说故事萊垍頭條

6. 任伯年画竹

高克恭，字彦敬，号房山。擅画墨竹及山水，师文同、米芾父子，兼取董源、巨然、李成诸家之长，成自家一体。高克恭传世的画竹作品只有一件，用笔温和沉静，条理清晰，竹与脚下之石相呼应，可谓“竹石有情”。萊垍頭條

管道升，赵孟頫之妻，字仲姬，浙江吴兴人。工诗文书画，擅画梅、兰、竹。传世墨迹不多见。管道升画竹在元代颇负盛名，其特点是：在用墨上不求变化，竹叶并无层次，一笔完成，行笔以中锋为主，偶有侧锋。最上边的竹叶作“燕飞式”，用藏锋笔法挑出，极为生动。萊垍頭條

李衎，字仲宾，号息斋道人，蓟丘（进北京）人。善画枯木竹石，尤善双勾设色竹及水墨竹。李衎曾遍游东南山川，出使过交趾（今越南），深入竹乡观察各种竹子的生长状态。竹画题材多是修竹与树石，杂以兰花野草，共同构筑了此画幽雅明快的意境。垍頭條萊

倪瓒，字元镇，号云林，别号幻霞生、荆蛮民、奚元朗、净名居士、朱阳馆主等，常州人，出身江南富豪，生活十分富裕。元末卖去家产，浪迹江湖。平生好学，工诗、书、画。其水墨山水，宗董源，兼学荆、关，作品多取材于太湖一带景色，意境简率荒寒。他的画风对明清文人山水画有较大影响，与王蒙、黄公望、吴镇并列“元季四大家”。萊垍頭條

吴镇，字仲圭，自号梅花道人、梅道人、梅花庵主等。嘉兴人，家贫，杜门隐居，性孤僻，不满元朝统治，从不以画媚世。除山水画外，吴镇兼善山摸竹石。喜用秃笔重墨，气势豪迈。垍頭條萊

柯九思，字敬仲，号丹丘生，别号五云阁吏，台州人。他以画竹著名，亦善作墨花。墨竹师文同，而能自创新意。他常以书法用笔写竹石，书画结合，运用自如。垍頭條萊

王绂，字孟端，号友石生，初隐九龙山，又号九龙山人，鳌叟。无锡人。洪武初以能书画荐入翰林，擢为中书舍人。山水师王蒙，画长江远山、丛篁怪石，无不精妙。永乐间以墨竹名天下，为当时第一。有投金帛购其尺片。绂亦博学善诗。人评其画竹曰：“能于遒劲中出姿媚，纵横处见洒落。”其画面方寸之间 便见潇洒淇澳，妙境深幽。其作品流传至今的有《山亭文会图》、《风城饯咏图》、《竹石图》等。著有《友石山房集》。，他笔下的竹潇洒简练，意态飞扬，很有文人画的清幽之境。王绂画竹虽承前人文同、吴镇墨竹画遗风，但笔墨韵味更具文人情怀，当时被称为画竹的“国朝第一手”。此画为元以后的新创风格。萊垍頭條

夏昶，字仲昭，号自在居士，江苏昆山人。被称为迄今为止中国画历史上画竹最好的画家，他绘画讲究法度，结构严谨，起笔收笔均以楷书入画，画竹几乎不见复笔。他有一幅表现河水坡石滩渚间之竹林的传世名作。笔法劲健，构图疏密有致，整个画面显得十分清雅高洁。萊垍頭條

郑燮，字克柔，号板桥，江苏兴化人，应科举为康熙秀才，雍正十年举人，乾隆元年进士。官山东范县、潍县知县，有政声，“以岁饥为民请赈，忤大吏，遂乞病归”。作官前后，均居扬州，以书画营生。擅画兰、竹、石、松、菊等，而画兰竹五十余年，成就最为突出。他的画取法于徐渭、石涛、八大山人，而自成家法，体貌疏朗，风格劲峭。工书法，用汉八分杂入楷行草，自称“六分半书”。條萊垍頭

7. 任伯年的竹林赏砚

世上本无墨竹，亦无朱竹。但墨竹朱竹却存在于中国文人画中。萊垍頭條

相传苏东坡被贬流放，心中愤愤不平，便成日寄情于诗文书酒。一日，醉后画墨竹，不觉砚中无墨，遂将朱砂粉调水代墨。旁人问道：“只见过绿竹，哪有朱竹？”苏轼反问：“世间亦无墨竹。既可以用墨画竹，何尝不可以用朱画？”自此，文人间开始流行画朱竹，而苏东坡也被尊为“朱竹鼻祖”。萊垍頭條

钱松岩 湖石朱竹萊垍頭條

以墨画竹，固然是一种习以为常的做法，但墨色本非竹色，何以就不能以朱色为竹色？垍頭條萊

朱砂画的红竹，亮丽而不燥气，沉稳而不轻浮，既热烈又高雅，还能随光线改变而变化，在光变暗时，越发凝重、红润。通过红色的贵气和大气，展现了竹子兼收并蓄、有容乃大的民族特性。萊垍頭條

清末 任伯年 朱竹墨石图條萊垍頭

其实墨竹也好，朱竹也罢，都非自然之物，而是生在文人心里，进而长到纸上。 为什么文人崇尚竹？因为竹有文人所崇尚的品格：彰显气节、坚韧挺拔、万古长青、宁折不弯。萊垍頭條

8. 任伯年竹林赏砚图什么意思

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。頭條萊垍

工具萊垍頭條

首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。萊垍頭條

笔頭條萊垍

国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。頭條萊垍

软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。萊垍頭條

硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。萊垍頭條

兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。垍頭條萊

画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。頭條萊垍

画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。條萊垍頭

提示頭條萊垍

笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。垍頭條萊

笔架萊垍頭條

笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。頭條萊垍

调色盘萊垍頭條

调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。萊垍頭條

墨汁垍頭條萊

中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。萊垍頭條

以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。垍頭條萊

推荐墨汁萊垍頭條

墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。垍頭條萊

1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。垍頭條萊

2、北京一得阁墨汁，百年老字号，价格低廉，性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。條萊垍頭

3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。萊垍頭條

4、雄狮墨汁，台湾品牌，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度强劲，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和专业人士的首选。萊垍頭條

5、曹素功墨汁，国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。萊垍頭條

颜料垍頭條萊

矿物颜料萊垍頭條

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。垍頭條萊

植物颜料垍頭條萊

植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确，忌反复修改的原因。條萊垍頭

化学颜料萊垍頭條

化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。萊垍頭條

特点及用途條萊垍頭

赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。垍頭條萊

朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。萊垍頭條

朱砂：矿物类，为天然汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。萊垍頭條

石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待第一遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时反复涂抹。萊垍頭條

石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿打底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿平涂，待干后再染草绿）。萊垍頭條

石黄：矿物类，在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。萊垍頭條

金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。萊垍頭條

银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。條萊垍頭

白粉：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。萊垍頭條

花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。頭條萊垍

藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。條萊垍頭

洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。垍頭條萊

胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。萊垍頭條

大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。萊垍頭條

颜色调配方法萊垍頭條

颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。萊垍頭條

1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。萊垍頭條

2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。頭條萊垍

3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。垍頭條萊

4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。條萊垍頭

5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。條萊垍頭

6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。條萊垍頭

7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。萊垍頭條

8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理萊垍頭條

9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）萊垍頭條

10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）垍頭條萊

11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。頭條萊垍

12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）條萊垍頭

13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）萊垍頭條

14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）頭條萊垍

15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）萊垍頭條

16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）垍頭條萊

17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）萊垍頭條

18、墨青色（花青＋墨）萊垍頭條

19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）萊垍頭條

20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）頭條萊垍

21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）頭條萊垍

22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）垍頭條萊

23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）萊垍頭條

24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）萊垍頭條

25、褐色（赭石＋墨）萊垍頭條

26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）萊垍頭條

27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）頭條萊垍

28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）萊垍頭條

29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）萊垍頭條

30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）頭條萊垍

31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）頭條萊垍

32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）垍頭條萊

33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）頭條萊垍

34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）萊垍頭條

35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）條萊垍頭

36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）垍頭條萊

推荐颜料萊垍頭條

目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。萊垍頭條

初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。（比如姜思序堂）頭條萊垍

宣纸萊垍頭條

写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。萊垍頭條

画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。條萊垍頭

用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。萊垍頭條

推荐用纸垍頭條萊

与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。萊垍頭條

徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。頭條萊垍

在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。垍頭條萊

生宣纸垍頭條萊

熟宣纸萊垍頭條

镇纸頭條萊垍

作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。萊垍頭條

镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。萊垍頭條

推荐镇纸頭條萊垍

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。頭條萊垍

1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸頭條萊垍

2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸萊垍頭條

3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸萊垍頭條

4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸頭條萊垍

5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸萊垍頭條

手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。萊垍頭條

6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸萊垍頭條

7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸萊垍頭條

笔洗萊垍頭條

笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。萊垍頭條

笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。萊垍頭條

初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。萊垍頭條

毛毡萊垍頭條

制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。萊垍頭條

用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。萊垍頭條

初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。頭條萊垍

购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初学者来说就够了。萊垍頭條

如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。條萊垍頭

砚台萊垍頭條

砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。頭條萊垍

其他萊垍頭條

纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；萊垍頭條

喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；條萊垍頭

底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；萊垍頭條

美工钉、盘子（调色用）。萊垍頭條

国画技法垍頭條萊

国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。垍頭條萊

构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。萊垍頭條

构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。條萊垍頭

用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。萊垍頭條

用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具体技法。萊垍頭條

设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。（纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）萊垍頭條

收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。萊垍頭條

笔墨萊垍頭條

中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。萊垍頭條

笔墨表现形式萊垍頭條

有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。條萊垍頭

白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。萊垍頭條

白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。 頭條萊垍

工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。條萊垍頭

工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。萊垍頭條

写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。萊垍頭條

勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。萊垍頭條

粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。萊垍頭條

粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。萊垍頭條

没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。萊垍頭條

泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。萊垍頭條

界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。頭條萊垍

设色頭條萊垍

设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。條萊垍頭

墨彩垍頭條萊

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。萊垍頭條

淡彩萊垍頭條

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。萊垍頭條

粉彩頭條萊垍

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。萊垍頭條

重彩萊垍頭條

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。　頭條萊垍

线描萊垍頭條

中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。萊垍頭條

用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。萊垍頭條

白描條萊垍頭

中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。萊垍頭條

刘公华白描仕女图萊垍頭條

皴法萊垍頭條

国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。條萊垍頭

石涛深山秋水图垍頭條萊

皴法的种类萊垍頭條

一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。萊垍頭條

墨法萊垍頭條

古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。頭條萊垍

用墨之法萊垍頭條

一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。條萊垍頭

积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。萊垍頭條

破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。萊垍頭條

用笔六要萊垍頭條

一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。萊垍頭條

二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。萊垍頭條

三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。條萊垍頭

四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。萊垍頭條

五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。萊垍頭條

六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。頭條萊垍

国画笔法垍頭條萊

讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。萊垍頭條

国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。萊垍頭條

中锋萊垍頭條

中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。垍頭條萊

侧锋萊垍頭條

侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。萊垍頭條

逆锋垍頭條萊

逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。萊垍頭條

露锋萊垍頭條

于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。垍頭條萊

藏锋萊垍頭條

笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。萊垍頭條

顺锋萊垍頭條

运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。垍頭條萊

扩展资料萊垍頭條

所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。萊垍頭條

国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。萊垍頭條

讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。萊垍頭條

讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。頭條萊垍

讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。頭條萊垍

国画分科萊垍頭條

国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。萊垍頭條

国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。萊垍頭條

工笔萊垍頭條

工笔画步骤萊垍頭條

起稿萊垍頭條

可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。萊垍頭條

也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！萊垍頭條

绷稿垍頭條萊

要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟垍頭條萊

所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。萊垍頭條

1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。萊垍頭條

2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。條萊垍頭

3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。頭條萊垍

4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。萊垍頭條

5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。垍頭條萊

注意事项：條萊垍頭

1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。萊垍頭條

2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。萊垍頭條

3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。萊垍頭條

4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。萊垍頭條

勾线萊垍頭條

勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。條萊垍頭

中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。萊垍頭條

侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。萊垍頭條

勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。萊垍頭條

着染垍頭條萊

传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。垍頭條萊

分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。垍頭條萊

罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。萊垍頭條

背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。萊垍頭條

复勾條萊垍頭

有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。垍頭條萊

刷胶矾水萊垍頭條

为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。頭條萊垍

1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。條萊垍頭

胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。頭條萊垍

矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。萊垍頭條

2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。頭條萊垍

3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。垍頭條萊

装裱萊垍頭條

古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。垍頭條萊

第一步：观察字画條萊垍頭

揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。萊垍頭條

第二步：托裱画心萊垍頭條

1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；萊垍頭條

2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；萊垍頭條

3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；萊垍頭條

4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；萊垍頭條

5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。垍頭條萊

第三步：镶条萊垍頭條

1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；萊垍頭條

2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；萊垍頭條

3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。萊垍頭條

第四步：覆背萊垍頭條

在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。萊垍頭條

第五步：装框條萊垍頭

已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。萊垍頭條

注意事项垍頭條萊

一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料條萊垍頭

推荐临摹书籍萊垍頭條

人物條萊垍頭

白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。條萊垍頭

工笔设色萊垍頭條

《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等萊垍頭條

《簪花仕女图》局部萊垍頭條

《虢国夫人游春图》局部頭條萊垍

花鸟萊垍頭條

宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。萊垍頭條

山水萊垍頭條

山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。萊垍頭條

写意萊垍頭條

国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。萊垍頭條

分类萊垍頭條

写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。垍頭條萊

欣赏写意画垍頭條萊

画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。萊垍頭條

古代写意画頭條萊垍

现代写意画萊垍頭條

绘画步骤萊垍頭條

白菜、萝卜画法萊垍頭條

①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。萊垍頭條

②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。頭條萊垍

③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。萊垍頭條

④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。萊垍頭條

牵牛花画法條萊垍頭

①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。條萊垍頭

②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。垍頭條萊

③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。條萊垍頭

④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。萊垍頭條

花球画法萊垍頭條

①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。頭條萊垍

②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。萊垍頭條

③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。萊垍頭條

④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。萊垍頭條

枇杷画法萊垍頭條

①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。垍頭條萊

②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。頭條萊垍

③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。萊垍頭條

④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。萊垍頭條

玉兰画法萊垍頭條

①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。垍頭條萊

②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。垍頭條萊

③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。垍頭條萊

推荐临摹书籍頭條萊垍

山水垍頭條萊

董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。萊垍頭條

花鸟萊垍頭條

恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。萊垍頭條

人物萊垍頭條

梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。條萊垍頭

学习步骤萊垍頭條

临摹萊垍頭條

临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。條萊垍頭

临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。萊垍頭條

临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。頭條萊垍

临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。萊垍頭條

结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。萊垍頭條

写生萊垍頭條

通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。萊垍頭條

写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。萊垍頭條

画外功頭條萊垍

与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。萊垍頭條

创作萊垍頭條

初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。垍頭條萊

创作阶段萊垍頭條

第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。條萊垍頭

第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。萊垍頭條

第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。條萊垍頭

学国画素材頭條萊垍

花鸟素材條萊垍頭

竹子萊垍頭條

1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。頭條萊垍

2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。萊垍頭條

牡丹萊垍頭條

1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。萊垍頭條

2、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。萊垍頭條

3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。垍頭條萊

麻雀頭條萊垍

1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。頭條萊垍

2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。萊垍頭條

小鸡萊垍頭條

1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。萊垍頭條

2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。萊垍頭條

翠鸟萊垍頭條

1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。頭條萊垍

2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。萊垍頭條

喜鹊萊垍頭條

蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。萊垍頭條

学国画的好处萊垍頭條

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。頭條萊垍

1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。萊垍頭條

2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。萊垍頭條

3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。頭條萊垍

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97efa27fcaba4da0b72938b8850e1458","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoKiqqx8uRVciWVunIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、北京一得阁墨汁，百年老字号，价格低廉，性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaqideCGIoiUSyx4qfScwXEtnTg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a77679774424deebee047dbd80de3a4","width":340},"text":"","id":"LAeodAAkmo4wOgxqY5cciFDBncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HY6Cd24Eyoas46xGrUXcpzhsnfb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":343,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4067fae8ce954b9d8bfcdcc4d10c1d96","width":456},"text":"","id":"LgWSdIEaWow0MWxQdPXcCfS8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、雄狮墨汁，台湾品牌，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度强劲，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和专业人士的首选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGUsdwWowoUSC6xqQDgcQLdZnHh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b519c8acb494c4f950d04600a430101","width":300},"text":"","id":"Lwqwd2iGUo0u88xqbEVcDwGxn8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、曹素功墨汁，国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQCgdQAGYo4o0axSQIwcTioGnLb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":470,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec0d74204739466988315d9a98adc9a0","width":467},"text":"","id":"I6YSdyicOoYKAexE1lScQPCYnwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIkudAqIkoEKwuxWk0AcD1Xtnwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0gWdkw40o8i4kxgT22cz0YEnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PI04dcOywo0giExaqAvc1ITYnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQCcdQa2co8W4CxWMHlcAZOMnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确，忌反复修改的原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgKedyU2EogG8sxuWfXc1PvNnpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAaCdomgWoes4Ex4Vr8cfh36nTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VowGdeOKMoUoAyxshKvcKTljnFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特点及用途","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0YudI62SoaW4Cx4i4Jc2EBTnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iq4edcGiCoGY0ix6wAlck0MdnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TsWWd8smOoO2sGxi0gLc21VmnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱砂：矿物类，为天然汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ2GdKOIQoEiGgxkJ5NcTVPinTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待第一遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时反复涂抹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWmCdEQkio6UgwxEZ0CcuCXWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿打底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿平涂，待干后再染草绿）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NoYUdQYweoScoMxiGYYcRUcKn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石黄：矿物类，在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kss4de8OIomieqxGoZvco02Fn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYUkd4yYioGC6ExiohJcsbS7nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaymdsuKSoogoOxqYv4cTYFFnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白粉：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOIyduE8oouUY8xPHgIcdr6tnwz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色（花青＋墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色（赭石＋墨）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8QudCUQsoMoGSxKOlAcEwGXnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DG4qdQcC2o2eQKx8ZCTcDtAOnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41e1d95b6acf409292978e4241f53b42","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。（比如姜思序堂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d67ca780bafb49768ce6ec5abe21e67d","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff72111d3cad4e8aaddb9e9ca384cfcb","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e629ba2e44842e399767d287b8a873c","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c31bba533585492cafc91b26446c78d7","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初学者来说就够了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"砚台","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaksdSigSouCu8xcd1McGILnn8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YKY4dYA08o6OuUxSyJoc8d4Hnie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEiSdysasoe4scxYCe3cfuwCnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYccdUoQwo6IksxUd4AcpyPBnJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RqeMdcMiCo4K28xUk1OcpKGfn9L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CuIid8SUGoQMOqxclVmc6P4Jnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美工钉、盘子（调色用）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YK8edSoAAocScyxQFg1czNXdn3b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":385,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/789fbf32554a4600b69c7bf35bbb982a","width":195},"text":"","id":"DGSIdGQu2o2woGx6ZtIcu0SsnWa"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6sOdyMAmoKQWAxBrTwcSZconnn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T2k4dWseQoyUQuxoe9OcPKhHnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D6widwik6o0Ys6xKAQhcQqHmn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JyYcdIieso4M8kxgnXGcZeyEnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TgwAdSiw0oY0IexelRLcbM9Znib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具体技法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMe6dYSYioUogUxUDXEcRIAMn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。（纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TkyAdqi0YoWACaxq0qfcYtmFnpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MuoKdU4wsoOu20x25jqcRY9mnre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMgudEEOiocaAOx0ItHcooQbn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMC2dUKUWowI66x4UJPc2kwLnYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NAK8dyyU2owqwMxWGUFcSkTonWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWiKd42gMoiceGx4pDMcz7QXnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LC0UdgCkuoaQswxwfq6cJbaunPS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9b515ef54a3da7b98adaf6d0a955","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q0eadwC88oomeQxCOuDc2LZgnEc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIgidM648okMeqxKgQZcClkBnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EE88dWiWgo8EEaxuUircxgkQnT8"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"粉彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1b7cdb4942648cca37ed66f43cb449a","width":1280},"text":"","id":"YGa8deIEkosOyCxkFDGcfOKRnye"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2w4diuQWoGgskx67jScG3jqnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。　","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxAVNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a055f68899","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3223481cd799429dbb6657ee9fa19232","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e276677b0d4f491e92805d832b573a28","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5459b9bc97d34767b4e7214de5dcb0d1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed17f41112ba4887b51768a4c1ae66e5","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/42fa82b8a251498fb0539707de50c7b7","width":720},"text":"","id":"NAeOdscsqo4SO8x2g7xc8ob9nnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOMQdEwAKoqgEqx2V4BcBgOXnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pko4dMokWoO4WCxS45gcMY9mnpg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"顺锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63b50b5d54eb4aebad9b0cb1dcebef91","width":720},"text":"","id":"DIwWdcieioU86Ox4tPtcb1YWnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"扩展资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQo8dUAmgo02AsxUDPlcROWynGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YkucdS6qUoqKOyxuwB5c6tGGnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa0QdooUQoyEwMxeAgvcbRicnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gg6EdM6kEogoMQxCRk3ciyysntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU4YdYMCIoQa4sx0c4ocpZoCnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYYEd6082o4GW8x4uK0cmVODnac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画分科","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeuUd4momoUeoExGOA3c3COsn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Laq0dqaaqoIYEAxAZX9cyXQFnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ye2WdaUC8ocwCMxUbkecu2EMnsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkedcOaeo8wOgxMHXlcvaoqnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK62dmyuwoQgasxk5kPcde9Znad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKda4uKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkcWdsME4ooGQoxkhnJcBxRKnTc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":402,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9424f151629346aea31f61353108e8ba","width":448},"text":"","id":"MqUwdgUooogeY2xGyEacXyeBnSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":235,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632de4513c7049449ee62d8f5ea4d1af","width":444},"text":"","id":"BqUadgGQuo6Q2UxqmSkcI66lnib"}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"着染","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YGoudM0GeoCsoax6XYYcdWqPnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bmy2dAAMWoMa4kxQhtrc4CQLn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4sGdKoYMoOkCOxSqtqcq6mcnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SukOdgkA8o6KOmxEJMzcqTSpntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qk6QdYOAeoW4CuxmgdWc6DfGnCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YAwmdMKugoE6yCxIdlBcKnUnn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoyIdcoSGoYYauxSulRcPdvInne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"刷胶矾水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWGcd6ismoQyMex0gabc60O9nVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyQQdO68goQMoCxsdhvcJBTBnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE8MdSAAOoK6ekxSE2gcz6rCnue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAu0dMGeso6Ckcxcxj9cnKGen6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O62GdCmywoWscoxKAwQczRPanjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd2fcf6dc5054693b817904765868a0e","width":726},"text":"","id":"YsWAdsiumoQ8Kwxu6qPchPYtnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6oOdAy8MocwS6xMxAacSfq7nid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9eb85ef6ff5c4114a12fae0eb3682449","width":675},"text":"","id":"VW8mdaeK6ok6uaxu8X8c21vDnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8OdSAKGoy0qmx8j74cjzpRnEq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5d66c0138cb4537964255d48e554279","width":594},"text":"","id":"WsKmd4AY2owcYux4IzOcnJTInSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装裱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REk8dwSamo8MQ2xvTkyc00aBnfZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IEOOdkmiUoyUSixUnWEc61sZnwo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步：观察字画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QowedGGayoIcASxwGqsc3PbAn9x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUCOdGE8ioowuSxM5VqcK7P9nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步：托裱画心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8gcdYAmmoQsMixKYzicaxbNn4x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0smdKGyoowwigxOIi6cnviKnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOEWdCqskosee0xSLwkchJoNneR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyWMdK6kmo6CAwxKIWgcWakon0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6owdCG2kowCKaxU7kucSgaennf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TqAGdyKYmo00AOx8Xlcc4vdMnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步：镶条","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MymEdGc0oowWuyx0yadcWIV7nDO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LII2d0SWcoCkSIxia0HccWXKnCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步：覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步：装框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5758b24e6854e70b1182bc120082331","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cf54bbe0d664254afd91633cc5b611f","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8b26e04ba654cb4881b5270e3a1139d","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b999d32ae9914cae85aa9e3bcdb80f1d","width":481},"text":"","id":"H8cSdiQMuo42soxwLNgcLL3lnyc"}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让\"象\"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太\"熟\"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a54e2d5df928466db4159176960f1218","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Lq4mdCyo8oGwIaxS6gqcdMT9nMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIOmdMqIcocEsexSKCOcdI9xngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2I0dkmwQoWsm0xKGDPc5G1jnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIqidk426oSgqOxmu1ZcRUISnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":712,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68f8ef716b1e48bebdafd755d5ca813a","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Gk2gdAmOCo2AusxeMeScyMydnfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUEodSkwooikgmxMTHIcEdPbnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmqUdKKCoosmuGxeCrAcRzrEnKf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":708,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鹊","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c85755f9cb2842208b138a781b43f5e1","width":1080},"text":"","id":"MCQAdiAGkoCaW2x4cgocIQXTnJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HayQdu4C0owiG0xEtsdcBuDInze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BokYdq0MKoOEsWxOwt0ctoSBnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NO6gdacGWoiKwOxQXGvcTlf8nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcgEd0wqeomo46xixDcceYKInv1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0Gkde2MuoqUIUxOaqscKFPrnEc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E萊垍頭條