1. 三木橄榄核雕

曩：从前。萊垍頭條

望：怨。萊垍頭條

流：流转、迁移的意思。萊垍頭條

罢：通“疲”。驽：劣马。疲弩：比喻才能低下。條萊垍頭

侧闻：从旁听说。犹言“伏闻”，自谦之词。垍頭條萊

身残处秽：指因受宫刑而身体残缺，兼与宦官贱役杂处。垍頭條萊

钟子期、伯牙：春秋时楚人。伯牙善鼓琴，钟子期知音。钟子期死后，伯牙破琴绝弦，终身不复鼓琴。事见《吕氏春秋·本味篇》。垍頭條萊

随、和：随侯之珠和和氏之璧，是战国时的珍贵宝物。萊垍頭條

由、夷：许由和伯夷，两人都是古代被推为品德高尚的人。頭條萊垍

点：玷污。萊垍頭條

会东从上来：太始四年（前93）三月，汉武帝东巡泰山，四月，又到海边的不其山，五月间返回长安。司马迁从驾而行。萊垍頭條

卒卒：同“猝猝”，匆匆忙忙的样子。條萊垍頭

季冬：冬季的第三个月，即十二月。汉津，每年十二月处决囚犯。萊垍頭條

薄：同“迫”。雍：地名，在今陕西凤翔县南，设有祭祀五帝的神坛五畤。据《汉书·武帝纪》：“太始四年冬十二月，行幸雍，祠五畤。”本文当即作于是年，司马迁五十三岁。條萊垍頭

不可讳：死的委婉说法。任安这次下狱，后被汉武帝赦免。但两年之后，任安又因戾太子事件被处腰斩。垍頭條萊

宫刑：一种破坏男性生殖器的刑罚，也称“腐刑” 。頭條萊垍

“卫灵公”二句：春秋时，卫灵公和夫人乘车出游，让宦官雍渠同车，而让孔子坐后面一辆车。孔子深以为耻辱，就离开了卫国。事见《孔子家语》。这里说“适陈”，未详。萊垍頭條

“商鞅”二句：商鞅得到秦孝公的支持变法革新。景监是秦孝公宠信的宦官，曾向秦孝公推荐商鞅。赵良是秦孝公的臣子，与商鞅政见不同。事见《史记·商君列传》：“赵良谓商君曰：……今君之相秦也，因嬖人景监以为主，非所以为名也。”萊垍頭條

“同子”二句：同子指汉文帝的宦官赵谈，因为与司马迁的父亲司马谈同名，避讳而称“同子”。爰同“袁”。爰丝即袁丝，亦即袁盎，汉文帝时任郎中。有一天，文帝坐车去看他的母亲，宦官陪乘，袁盎伏在车前说：“臣闻天子所与共六尺舆者，皆天下豪英，今汉虽乏人，奈何与刀锯之余共载？”于是文帝只得依言令赵谈下车。事见《汉书·袁盎列传》。萊垍頭條

竖：供役使的小臣。后泛指卑贱者。萊垍頭條

忼慨：即“慷慨”。萊垍頭條

待罪：做官的谦词。辇毂下：皇帝的车驾之下。代指京城长安。萊垍頭條

惟：思考。萊垍頭條

搴：拔取。萊垍頭條

乡：通“向”。厕：参加。下大夫：太史令官位较低，属下大夫。萊垍頭條

外廷：汉制，凡遇疑难不决之事，则令群臣在外廷讨论。末议：微不足道的意见。“陪外廷末议”是谦词。頭條萊垍

维纲：国家的法令。萊垍頭條

闒茸：下贱，低劣。萊垍頭條

卬：通“昂”。信：通“伸”：萊垍頭條

乡曲：乡里。汉文帝为了询访自己治理天下的得失，诏令各地“举贤良方正能直言切谏者”，亦即有乡曲之誉者，选以授官，二句言司马迁未能由此途径入仕。萊垍頭條

周卫：周密的护卫，即宫禁。萊垍頭條

戴盆何以望天：当时谚语。形容忙于职守，识见浅陋，无暇他顾。萊垍頭條

李陵：字少卿，西汉名将李广孙，善骑射。武帝时，为骑都尉，率兵出击匈奴贵族，战败投降，封右校王。后病死匈奴。俱居门下：司马迁曾与李陵同在“侍中曹”（官署名）内任侍中。萊垍頭條

趣舍：向往和废弃。趣，同“趋”。萊垍頭條

衔杯酒：在一起喝酒。指私人交往。萊垍頭條

媒孽：也作“孽”，酿酒的酵母。这里用作动词，夸大的意思。萊垍頭條

王庭：匈奴单于的居处。萊垍頭條

彊：同“强”。胡：指匈奴。條萊垍頭

卬：即“仰”，仰攻。当时李陵军被围困谷地。頭條萊垍

旃：毛织品。《史记·匈奴传》：“自君王以下，咸食肉，衣其皮革。披旃裘。”頭條萊垍

左右贤王：左贤王和右贤王，匈奴封号最高的贵族。萊垍頭條

沬：以手掬水洗脸。萊垍頭條

弮：强硬的弓弩。萊垍頭條

上寿：这里指祝捷。萊垍頭條

怛：悲痛。款款：忠诚的样子。萊垍頭條

士大夫：此指李陵的部下将士。绝甘：舍弃甘美的食品。分少：即使所得甚少也平分给众人。垍頭條萊

睚眦：怒目相视。垍頭條萊

沮：毁坏。贰师：贰师将军李广利，汉武帝宠妃李夫人之兄。李陵被围时，李广利并未率主力救授，致使李陵兵败。其后司马迁为李陵辨解，武帝以为他有意诋毁李广利。萊垍頭條

理：掌司法之官。萊垍頭條

囹圄：监狱。垍頭條萊

聩：坠毁。李陵是名将之后，据《史记·李广传》记载：“单于既得陵，素闻其家声，以女妻陵而贵之。自是之后，李氏名败。”萊垍頭條

茸：推置其中。蚕室：温暖密封的房子。言其象养蚕的房子。初受腐刑的人怕风，故须住此。萊垍頭條

剖符：把竹做的契约一剖为二，皇帝与大臣各执一块，上面写着同样的誓词，说永远不改变立功大臣的爵位。丹书：把誓词用丹砂写在铁制的契券上。凡持有剖符、丹书的大臣，其子孙犯罪可获赦免。條萊垍頭

文史星历：史籍和天文历法，都属太史令掌管。萊垍頭條

蝼螘：蝼蚁。螘，同“蚁”。萊垍頭條

易服：换上罪犯的服装。古代罪犯穿赭（深红）色的衣服。萊垍頭條

木索：木枷和绳索。萊垍頭條

鬀：同“剃”，把头发剃光，即髡刑。婴：环绕。颈上带着铁链服苦役，即钳刑。頭條萊垍

腐刑：即宫刑。见注19。萊垍頭條

刑不上大夫：《礼记·曲礼》中语。萊垍頭條

穽：捕兽的陷坑。槛：关兽的笼子。萊垍頭條

鲜：态度鲜明。即自杀，以示不受辱。萊垍頭條

榜：鞭打。箠：竹棒。此处用作动词。垍頭條萊

枪：同“抢”。條萊垍頭

惕息：胆战心惊。垍頭條萊

西伯：即周文王，为西方诸侯之长。伯也：伯通“霸”。萊垍頭條

牖里：一作“羑里”，在今河南汤阴县。文王曾被殷纣王囚禁于此。垍頭條萊

李斯：秦始皇时任为丞相，后因秦二世听信赵高谗言，被受五刑，腰斩于咸阳。萊垍頭條

五刑：秦汉时五种刑罚，见《汉书·刑法志》：“当三族者，皆先黥劓，斩左右趾，笞杀之，枭其首，葅其骨肉于市。”垍頭條萊

淮阴：指淮阴侯韩信。萊垍頭條

受械于陈：汉立，淮阴侯韩信被刘邦封为楚王，都下邳（今江苏邳县）。后高祖疑其谋反，用陈平之计，在陈（楚地）逮捕了他。械，拘禁手足的木制刑具。頭條萊垍

彭越：汉高祖的功臣。萊垍頭條

张敖：汉高祖功臣张耳的儿子，袭父爵为赵王。彭越和张敖都因被人诬告称孤谋反，下狱定罪。頭條萊垍

绛侯：汉初功臣周勃，封绛侯。惠帝和吕后死后，吕后家族中吕产、吕禄等人谋夺汉室，周勃和陈平一起定计诛诸吕，迎立刘邦中子刘恒为文帝。萊垍頭條

五伯：即“五霸”。萊垍頭條

请室：大臣犯罪等待判决的地方。周勃后被人诬告谋反，囚于狱中。頭條萊垍

魏其：大将军窦婴，汉景帝时被封为魏其侯。武帝时，营救灌夫，被人诬告，下狱判处死罪。三木：头枷、手铐、脚镣。萊垍頭條

季布：楚霸王项羽的大将，曾多次打击刘邦。项羽败死，刘邦出重金缉捕季布。季布改名换姓，受髡刑和钳刑，卖身给鲁人朱家为奴。萊垍頭條

灌夫：汉景帝时为中郎将，武帝时官太仆。因得罪了丞相田蚡，被囚于居室，后受诛。居室：少府所属的官署。條萊垍頭

耎：“软”的古字。垍頭條萊

湛：同“沉”。累绁捆绑犯人的绳子，引伸为捆绑、牢狱。萊垍頭條

臧获：奴曰臧，婢曰获。垍頭條萊

俶傥：豪迈不受拘束。垍頭條萊

西伯拘而演《周易》：传说周文王被殷纣王拘禁在牖里时，把古代的八卦推演为六十四卦，成为《周易》的骨干。萊垍頭條

仲尼厄而作春秋：孔丘字仲尼，周游列国宣传儒道，在陈地和蔡地受到围攻和绝粮之苦，返回鲁国作《春秋》一书。萊垍頭條

屈原：曾两次被楚王放逐，幽愤而作《离骚》。垍頭條萊

左丘：春秋时鲁国史官左丘明。《国语》：史书，相传为左丘明撰著。頭條萊垍

孙子：春秋战国时著名军事家孙膑。膑脚：孙膑曾与庞涓一起从鬼谷子习兵法。后庞涓为魏惠王将军，骗膑入魏，割去了他的膑骨（膝盖骨）。孙膑有《孙膑兵法》传世。萊垍頭條

不韦：吕不韦，战国末年大商人，秦初为相国。曾命门客著《吕氏春秋》（一名《吕览》）。始皇十年，令吕不韦举家迁蜀，吕不韦自杀。垍頭條萊

韩非：战国后期韩国公子，曾从荀卿学，入秦被李斯所谗，下狱死。著有《韩非子》，《说难》、《孤愤》是其中的两篇。萊垍頭條

《诗》三百篇：今本《诗经》共有三百零五篇，此举其成数。萊垍頭條

失：读为“佚”。萊垍頭條

愠：怒。條萊垍頭

戮笑：辱笑。垍頭條萊

九回：九转。形容痛苦之极。垍頭條萊

闺閤之臣：指宦官。闺、閤都是宫中小门，指皇帝深密的内廷。萊垍頭條

雕瑑：雕刻成连锦状的花纹。这里指自我妆饰。萊垍頭條

缧绁：捆绑犯人的绳子。萊垍頭條

2. 核雕橄榄核

优点:个头大萊垍頭條

巴西的橄榄核比较大，平均尺寸在鸡蛋大小，能做大个的橄榄核雕刻或者大尺寸的核尖手串。萊垍頭條

缺点:核壁比较薄頭條萊垍

巴西的橄榄核不适合深雕，只适合浮雕。由于它们的壁比较薄，尺寸还比较大，所以很容易摔碎。一般在巴西，这种橄榄核的品种都是用于榨油，没有其他用途。條萊垍頭

但自从巴西橄榄核引进国内之后，有的商家就用巴西橄榄核冒充本土的橄榄核，从而卖出高价。大家需要擦亮眼睛萊垍頭條

3. 三棱橄榄核雕刻图片

牛肉粿萊垍頭條

鸭補萊垍頭條

柑橘頭條萊垍

海门糕仔條萊垍頭

西施舌萊垍頭條

西施舌产于海门湾，因其足大且美而得名。它体大、肉多、味美，肉质脆嫩，白里透红，含有人体必需的多种氨基酸，为海产珍贵补品。萊垍頭條

上坑姜薯萊垍頭條

姜薯为潮阳特产，以棉北后溪一带出产的最为著名。姜薯体白如雪，口感爽脆，可制成薯片汤、焖薯块、五果薯泥等甜品，是潮阳人逢年过节的吉祥食品，也用以平时招待客人。萊垍頭條

西胪乌酥杨梅萊垍頭條

乌酥核杨梅属迟熟种，高产、优质，较运，适应出口，果粒圈套，每公斤60多粒，果实深紫红色，核小酥化、肉厚质脆、汁多味甜。垍頭條萊

东家宫黄瓜萊垍頭條

东家宫黄瓜皮薄肉脆，清甜可口。清明黄瓜初上市，瓜嫩仁稚，时值蔬菜淡季，供不应求。萊垍頭條

东山益母草垍頭條萊

益母草茎方形或圆形，有分枝，全体有细毛；叶对生，羽状深裂，裂片狭长；花小腋生，红紫色或白色呈唇形。條萊垍頭

桑田膏蟹萊垍頭條

河溪镇桑田一带养殖膏蟹已有300多年历史，膏蟹每只可达0.5公斤，膏多肉肥，味美爽口，营养丰富，是宴席佳肴，远销海内外。萊垍頭條

蕉柑頭條萊垍

潮阳盛产生柑，品种多样，主栽蕉柑。以和平蕉柑为著，其果大皮薄，质嫩汁多，含糖份高，能助消化、清肺燥、止渴生津條萊垍頭

华阳生姜萊垍頭條

华阳生姜以姜块长、肥、嫩、酥脆、辛辣适中而名闻迩。垍頭條萊

金玉三棱橄榄萊垍頭條

金玉三棱橄榄其色金黄，皮薄光滑，肉脆汁多，核小不粘肉，味甘爽口，富含多种维生素，有清肺开胃利咽喉、生津解酒解诸毒之功效。橄榄雅称“如意”，是潮俗春节待客送礼之珍品。垍頭條萊

4. 三刀橄榄核雕刻

咸味面包的做法垍頭條萊

材料萊垍頭條

低筋/高筋面粉都可以800克，无铝泡打粉2%，发酵粉3克/500克（每500克面粉用3克发酵粉），盐6克(如果喜欢甜的，就用3克盐，再加适量的糖，根据自己喜欢甜度），黄油适量，麦麸适量，亚麻籽粉适量，哈密瓜籽粉（可有可无），2个鸡蛋，少量油，牛奶（可有可无）頭條萊垍

做法條萊垍頭

1、面粉和麦麸及亚麻籽粉混合拌匀。萊垍頭條

2、加入泡打粉和发酵粉，和面粉拌匀。垍頭條萊

3、用热水化开盐，加入冷水，调成温水，把这个水混合好的面粉里。通常500克面粉150-200毫升水（可以用水和牛奶混合和面）萊垍頭條

4、面团和好后，把黄油放到面团的上面，盖上面盆的盖子，等待发酵(我这一步是简化了，通常是把黄油，用微波炉融化。我直接放到发酵的面团表面，是因为面团在发酵过程，有热量散出，那么黄油自然就融化了）萊垍頭條

5、等面团发酵了，揉面团，这个时候黄油也化了，一起揉匀。等醒发了，要用手拍面团，排气，是为了让味道均匀，不会发酸萊垍頭條

6、根据自己的喜欢，做成辫子行，玫瑰花行，橄榄型。萊垍頭條

7、辫子型：一个小面团，切三刀，搓成三个面棍，然后辩起来多余部分切下来。萊垍頭條

8、玫瑰型：3个小面团，擀成小面片，卷起来，中间切断，立起来，用筷子，把中间部分夹到一起。條萊垍頭

9、橄榄型：面团搓成两头尖的形状，在表面，用刀划开3个口子即可。这样烤制时会容易散热，有花纹出来萊垍頭條

10、做好各种形状，放到烤箱里，调到发酵面团档，让面团第二次饧发（在做面包各种形状时，面团被压平了，所以要等到面团第二次，发起来，体积变成了2倍大，才可以烤制，通常要等一段时间，有时候要等1个多小时，才能又发起来，所以不要着急，只有发起来，烤出的面包才松软）萊垍頭條

11、烤箱上下档190度，预热5分钟后，可以烤制。萊垍頭條

12、面包表面刷一些油，和鸡蛋黄。垍頭條萊

13、烤制15-25分钟即可，面包鼓起来，基本就熟了，观察，鸡蛋黄层变黄了，就可以了。頭條萊垍

备注：也可以做成方包，烤熟了切片吃，最好配一杯牛奶。萊垍頭條

如果喝牛奶恶心，胃不舒服的人，通常是乳糖不耐受，可以加一片奶酪，也可以补充足够的钙。我个人建议做成咸的口味，吃太多甜食，容易产生湿热萊垍頭條

当然我做的面包都很小的迷你型的萊垍頭條

5. 橄榄核雕的制作与鉴赏

橄榄核雕雕刻技法大致包含圆雕、浮雕、透雕。技法就是在核雕师傅创作中，作者对于形象与空间的处理。刀工就好比书法、绘画的笔触，它能起到加强、丰富作品艺术效果的作用。橄榄核雕刻属于立体微雕类。立体微雕的主要材质是果核。核雕艺术品由于受到果核本身材质的局限，只能以圆雕、浮雕为主。核雕师傅要充分利用果核的特征发挥自己的想象力因材施艺。萊垍頭條

1，浮雕是在橄榄核表面雕刻，是所表现画面整体浮在一个平面上更立体化的雕刻技法。最明显的一个特征是有一个底板表现对象的“半立体感”，后方位或贴在橄榄核上。垍頭條萊

2，圆雕又名立雕，是橄榄核艺术在果核上的整体表现，观赏者可以360度看到物体的各个侧面。圆雕也是最为常见的一种技法，核雕师傅在进行圆雕创作时，会提前制定一些方案。制作一件雕刻作品，大致需要经过设计，去废料，定位，粗雕，细雕，抛光，打眼几道工序才能完成。由于圆雕作品极富立体感，所以圆雕这种技法对橄榄核材质的选择要求甚高。萊垍頭條

4，镂空雕，是在圆雕的基础上，如果将凸出的部分加以保留，而将其部分进行局部镂空，从而可以从视觉上营造更立体更具冲击力的美感，这样的雕刻技法被称为镂空雕，又称透雕。镂空雕的作品制作过程相对困难，需要局部的镂空，在雕刻的过程中要特别小心。 镂空雕技法比较常见的是核舟记。核舟记使用了透雕的技法，使整个作品更生动形象，仿佛身临其境。萊垍頭條

请那橄榄核雕的基本工艺流程有哪些？1 构思。核雕师傅想要雕刻新的题材的作品，而这些灵感往往来源于生活。正文萊垍頭條

2 选料。选料这道工序是最重要的。因为核雕师傅要根据橄榄核的材质与核形进行构思和创作。长核用于雕刻核舟，圆核用于雕刻罗汉，弥勒。萊垍頭條

3 画稿。也就是在橄榄核上画样稿。这个样稿是后期雕刻的依据，样稿对于后期的雕刻至关重要。因此好的雕刻师都需要具备一定的美术功底。萊垍頭條

4 粗雕。用刀具根据勾画的样稿进行雕刻，描绘出大体的轮廓。这个轮廓是一个比较简单粗糙的轮廓，还看不出具体的样子。萊垍頭條

5 细雕是一个考验耐心的环节，这个需要师傅好的刀工更好的耐心。通过细雕，一件作品也基本完成了。萊垍頭條

6 开脸的意思是刻画人物或者动物脸部、眼部等比较细微的地方，有画龙点睛的意思。因此开脸又叫“开眼”。这各环节关系到一个核雕师的水平高低，也关系到核雕作品的神韵。通常在进行到这一步时，核雕师傅会放置一段时间，仔细思考后再动刀。萊垍頭條

7 抛光这个流程不是必须的。橄榄核手串不是必须要抛光的，现在大部分的橄榄核成品都是不抛光的。抛光过后的橄榄核把玩时非常费劲，因为抛光时要用抛光蜡，而抛光蜡在橄榄核雕上形成了一层蜡膜。蜡膜会影响汗渍的浸透。萊垍頭條

8 打眼最后一道工序看似最简单却是最难的，这个需要非常考验师傅丰富的经验和技术。不小心就把眼打歪了把成品弄坏了是时有的事哦！垍頭條萊

6. 三木橄榄核雕怎么盘玩

网上 也可以购买哇，前些时我就在网上买了颗树苗，可以看看三木树苗怎样 了，觉得很好的信誉还行萊垍頭條

7. 橄榄核雕工大师

在市场上有很多橄榄核都是用机器雕刻出来的，很多朋友们甚至购买了它，买回去才知道是雕刻出来的，价格虽然便宜，但是这些用机器雕刻出来的和纯手工雕刻出来的是完全不一样的，盘玩出来的也有大大的差距，那大家知道用机器是怎么雕刻出来的吗？它有什么样的流程呢？雕刻机的操作流程：萊垍頭條

第一，输入你想要刻的图案排好版，都设置好大小之类的第二，选中需要刻的图案设置走刀路劲，输上雕刻深度，刀的大小根据要刻的东西的大小来决定，，结束后检查一遍，有没有走刀的地方，没有的话就表示设置大了或修改一下文字，不同深度的文字走刀走不同深度的路劲。萊垍頭條

第三，保存雕刻路劲不同深度的路劲存储不同的文件第四打开运动管理系统，在自动点击右键，选择打开保存的要雕刻的路劲，再换上所选的刀具，在手动中，把雕刻刀移动到雕刻的材料上，定原点，在坐标XYZ点击，这三个坐标都清零，启动主轴，开始，最后雕刻完毕，抬起主轴，移动到合适位置，就完成了。看上去那么多步骤，也挺复杂的，但是机器雕刻出来的和纯手工雕刻出来的还是无法相比。橄榄核雕的精品鉴苏工名家大师钱明大师本工，带老朋友出一条完美包浆作品盘玩三年多了最主要还是2.0百年老树铁核【八宝弥勒】宝贝介绍：2.0乘2.45苏工顶尖雕刻大师【钱明】大师作品就是不同，开脸圆润喜庆，表情开怀大笑，让人看了有一种喜悦的感觉！刀功干净流畅，底下还坠了一颗。橄榄核收藏公众号vvvcps-108 萊垍頭條

8. 核雕橄榄核雕

橄榄核好。在文玩爱好者的眼中，橄榄核雕确实比金刚菩提更具有盘玩价值。萊垍頭條

就从工艺角度来说。橄榄核对雕工的要求很高，核雕作品的题材越复杂，就越考验雕刻师傅的手艺，而大部分的金刚菩提基本上没有雕工可言。萊垍頭條

此外，菩提产量大，市场上假的金刚菩提很多，而核雕工艺繁琐，刀工精湛，不仅假货的比例少，而且很容易就能辨别真假。萊垍頭條

9. 三青橄榄核雕

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。垍頭條萊

工具萊垍頭條

首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。萊垍頭條

笔萊垍頭條

国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。條萊垍頭

软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。萊垍頭條

硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。萊垍頭條

兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。頭條萊垍

画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。萊垍頭條

画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。垍頭條萊

提示萊垍頭條

笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。萊垍頭條

笔架萊垍頭條

笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。條萊垍頭

调色盘萊垍頭條

调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。垍頭條萊

墨汁萊垍頭條

中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。萊垍頭條

以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。萊垍頭條

推荐墨汁萊垍頭條

墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。萊垍頭條

1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。頭條萊垍

2、北京一得阁墨汁，百年老字号，价格低廉，性价比高。代表性产品为云头艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用北京一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。頭條萊垍

3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液最大的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。頭條萊垍

4、雄狮墨汁，台湾品牌，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度强劲，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和专业人士的首选。萊垍頭條

5、曹素功墨汁，国内老字号。产品价格低廉。代表性产品为墨块。萊垍頭條

颜料萊垍頭條

矿物颜料萊垍頭條

矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、白粉、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。萊垍頭條

植物颜料萊垍頭條

植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化学颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是中国画必须下笔准确，忌反复修改的原因。萊垍頭條

化学颜料萊垍頭條

化学颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。萊垍頭條

特点及用途萊垍頭條

赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。萊垍頭條

朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。萊垍頭條

朱砂：矿物类，为天然汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。萊垍頭條

石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为头青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待第一遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时反复涂抹。垍頭條萊

石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为头绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。头绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿打底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿平涂，待干后再染草绿）。萊垍頭條

石黄：矿物类，在山水画中仅用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画大片成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。萊垍頭條

金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。萊垍頭條

银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。條萊垍頭

白粉：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。頭條萊垍

花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、白粉等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。萊垍頭條

藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。垍頭條萊

洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。萊垍頭條

胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。萊垍頭條

大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。垍頭條萊

颜色调配方法萊垍頭條

颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。垍頭條萊

1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子最常用的色彩之一。垍頭條萊

2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。萊垍頭條

3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。萊垍頭條

4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。萊垍頭條

5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中打一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。萊垍頭條

6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。萊垍頭條

7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。萊垍頭條

8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理垍頭條萊

9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）萊垍頭條

10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）條萊垍頭

11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。萊垍頭條

12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）萊垍頭條

13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）萊垍頭條

14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）萊垍頭條

15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）萊垍頭條

16、米黄色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）萊垍頭條

17、桔黄色（藤黄＋朱磦）萊垍頭條

18、墨青色（花青＋墨）萊垍頭條

19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）萊垍頭條

20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）垍頭條萊

21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）頭條萊垍

22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）萊垍頭條

23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）萊垍頭條

24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许翡翠绿）垍頭條萊

25、褐色（赭石＋墨）萊垍頭條

26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）垍頭條萊

27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）萊垍頭條

28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）垍頭條萊

29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）萊垍頭條

30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）萊垍頭條

31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）頭條萊垍

32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）萊垍頭條

33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）萊垍頭條

34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）萊垍頭條

35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）萊垍頭條

36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）萊垍頭條

推荐颜料頭條萊垍

目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。條萊垍頭

初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。（比如姜思序堂）萊垍頭條

宣纸頭條萊垍

写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。頭條萊垍

画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。條萊垍頭

用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。萊垍頭條

推荐用纸萊垍頭條

与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。萊垍頭條

徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。萊垍頭條

在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。萊垍頭條

生宣纸萊垍頭條

熟宣纸萊垍頭條

镇纸萊垍頭條

作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。萊垍頭條

镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。萊垍頭條

推荐镇纸條萊垍頭

现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。頭條萊垍

1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸頭條萊垍

2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸頭條萊垍

3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸萊垍頭條

4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸萊垍頭條

5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸萊垍頭條

手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。萊垍頭條

6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸萊垍頭條

7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸萊垍頭條

笔洗條萊垍頭

笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。頭條萊垍

笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。萊垍頭條

初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。萊垍頭條

毛毡萊垍頭條

制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。萊垍頭條

用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。垍頭條萊

初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。萊垍頭條

购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初学者来说就够了。萊垍頭條

如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。垍頭條萊

砚台萊垍頭條

砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初学者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有更好的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。萊垍頭條

其他萊垍頭條

纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；萊垍頭條

喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；萊垍頭條

底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；萊垍頭條

美工钉、盘子（调色用）。萊垍頭條

国画技法萊垍頭條

国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。萊垍頭條

构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。條萊垍頭

构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。萊垍頭條

用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。萊垍頭條

用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具体技法。萊垍頭條

设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或仅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。（纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）萊垍頭條

收拾——画成以后再作整体收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。條萊垍頭

笔墨萊垍頭條

中国画表现形象的基本手段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。萊垍頭條

笔墨表现形式頭條萊垍

有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。萊垍頭條

白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。垍頭條萊

白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉头鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。 垍頭條萊

工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。萊垍頭條

工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。萊垍頭條

写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。條萊垍頭

勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。萊垍頭條

粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。萊垍頭條

粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。萊垍頭條

没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。萊垍頭條

泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。萊垍頭條

界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。萊垍頭條

设色垍頭條萊

设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。垍頭條萊

墨彩萊垍頭條

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。萊垍頭條

淡彩萊垍頭條

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到八九分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一体，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。萊垍頭條

粉彩萊垍頭條

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和白粉为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。垍頭條萊

重彩萊垍頭條

工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。　萊垍頭條

线描條萊垍頭

中国民族绘画的主要造型手段。是构成中国画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的体积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有独特的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。中国画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，仅画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。萊垍頭條

用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以完美地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。萊垍頭條

白描條萊垍頭

中国画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表面具体情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更防止受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、体积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，防止碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。萊垍頭條

刘公华白描仕女图萊垍頭條

皴法頭條萊垍

国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现手法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。萊垍頭條

石涛深山秋水图萊垍頭條

皴法的种类萊垍頭條

一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾头皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）破网皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。萊垍頭條

墨法頭條萊垍

古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。萊垍頭條

用墨之法萊垍頭條

一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。垍頭條萊

积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。萊垍頭條

破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。萊垍頭條

用笔六要萊垍頭條

一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。萊垍頭條

二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。萊垍頭條

三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。垍頭條萊

四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。萊垍頭條

五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。頭條萊垍

六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。萊垍頭條

国画笔法垍頭條萊

讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。萊垍頭條

国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。垍頭條萊

中锋萊垍頭條

中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。垍頭條萊

侧锋頭條萊垍

侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。萊垍頭條

逆锋垍頭條萊

逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。萊垍頭條

露锋萊垍頭條

于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。萊垍頭條

藏锋條萊垍頭

笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。萊垍頭條

顺锋萊垍頭條

运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。萊垍頭條

扩展资料頭條萊垍

所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即中国画特有的用线方法。中国书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。萊垍頭條

国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物体外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。中国画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。萊垍頭條

讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：平、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。萊垍頭條

讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究焦点透视，不强调环境对于物体的光色变化的影响。萊垍頭條

讲究空白的布置和物体的“气势”。萊垍頭條

国画分科萊垍頭條

国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。垍頭條萊

国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒反复渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。條萊垍頭

工笔條萊垍頭

工笔画步骤萊垍頭條

起稿萊垍頭條

可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。萊垍頭條

也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或打印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！萊垍頭條

绷稿萊垍頭條

要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具体绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟萊垍頭條

所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。萊垍頭條

1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。萊垍頭條

2、然后，在绢的一头按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。頭條萊垍

3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。條萊垍頭

4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。垍頭條萊

5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。萊垍頭條

注意事项：萊垍頭條

1、草稿：使用铅笔打草稿，纸张不要求。萊垍頭條

2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。萊垍頭條

3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。萊垍頭條

4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。萊垍頭條

勾线萊垍頭條

勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。萊垍頭條

中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。萊垍頭條

侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。頭條萊垍

勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔回锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。萊垍頭條

着染頭條萊垍

传统工笔画的着染方法总体来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中最常用的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以体现山脉特有的肌理。萊垍頭條

分染：是把平面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和体积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。條萊垍頭

罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再平涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物体本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。萊垍頭條

背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是平涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。垍頭條萊

复勾條萊垍頭

有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。萊垍頭條

刷胶矾水垍頭條萊

为了防止熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。萊垍頭條

1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。萊垍頭條

胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。萊垍頭條

矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，头天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。萊垍頭條

2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。萊垍頭條

3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境最好在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。萊垍頭條

装裱萊垍頭條

古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，精致的装裱工艺不仅可以使字画得到更好的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，手卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都只有托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。垍頭條萊

第一步：观察字画條萊垍頭

揣摩原作的气度，以利于更好地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。萊垍頭條

第二步：托裱画心頭條萊垍

1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；萊垍頭條

2、待画心潮润且平整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；萊垍頭條

3、一手持特制的装裱棕刷，一手持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸平整贴附于画心背面；條萊垍頭

4、用手指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；萊垍頭條

5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。萊垍頭條

第三步：镶条萊垍頭條

1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；垍頭條萊

2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；萊垍頭條

3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。萊垍頭條

第四步：覆背萊垍頭條

在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。萊垍頭條

第五步：装框萊垍頭條

已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行平整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。萊垍頭條

注意事项萊垍頭條

一般的装裱能够收藏的是手工的，浆糊的质量也是收藏时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不仅黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料萊垍頭條

推荐临摹书籍垍頭條萊

人物萊垍頭條

白描：《八十七神仙卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。頭條萊垍

工笔设色條萊垍頭

《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等垍頭條萊

《簪花仕女图》局部萊垍頭條

《虢国夫人游春图》局部垍頭條萊

花鸟萊垍頭條

宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。頭條萊垍

山水萊垍頭條

山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。頭條萊垍

写意萊垍頭條

国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。垍頭條萊

分类萊垍頭條

写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。條萊垍頭

欣赏写意画萊垍頭條

画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。垍頭條萊

古代写意画萊垍頭條

现代写意画萊垍頭條

绘画步骤垍頭條萊

白菜、萝卜画法萊垍頭條

①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。萊垍頭條

②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。萊垍頭條

③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。萊垍頭條

④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。條萊垍頭

牵牛花画法萊垍頭條

①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。條萊垍頭

②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。條萊垍頭

③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。萊垍頭條

④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。條萊垍頭

花球画法萊垍頭條

①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。頭條萊垍

②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。頭條萊垍

③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。萊垍頭條

④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。萊垍頭條

枇杷画法萊垍頭條

①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。條萊垍頭

②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。萊垍頭條

③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。條萊垍頭

④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。頭條萊垍

玉兰画法條萊垍頭

①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。頭條萊垍

②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。頭條萊垍

③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不仅要强调与主体花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。頭條萊垍

推荐临摹书籍萊垍頭條

山水垍頭條萊

董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林平野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。條萊垍頭

花鸟萊垍頭條

恽寿平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。頭條萊垍

人物萊垍頭條

梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。條萊垍頭

学习步骤頭條萊垍

临摹條萊垍頭

临摹是学习中国画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以学得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹反复体会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再体会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。萊垍頭條

临摹的目的是学习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。萊垍頭條

临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要防止犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是学习古人或老师的技法，而被之束缚，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东学一点，西学一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便寸步难行，作不出画。萊垍頭條

临摹要和默写结合起来，中国画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真体会。垍頭條萊

结合临摹平时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以反复欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法手段，提高修养。在观摩和学习时可随时记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地学习，肯定会有大的进步。萊垍頭條

写生萊垍頭條

通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水平必不可少的重要环节。萊垍頭條

写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是学习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。萊垍頭條

画外功條萊垍頭

与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文学修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。只有多读书（小说、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足学习绘画的要求。练习书法不仅仅是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格调情趣自然更高。頭條萊垍

创作萊垍頭條

初学国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面打下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。頭條萊垍

创作阶段頭條萊垍

第一阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。萊垍頭條

第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较自由地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。萊垍頭條

第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，体现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所束缚。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初学者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。萊垍頭條

学国画素材萊垍頭條

花鸟素材垍頭條萊

竹子萊垍頭條

1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两头轻中间重。萊垍頭條

2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。萊垍頭條

牡丹萊垍頭條

1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花头，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。萊垍頭條

2、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。萊垍頭條

3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。垍頭條萊

麻雀垍頭條萊

1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。條萊垍頭

2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出头部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。萊垍頭條

小鸡垍頭條萊

1、蘸中墨侧锋画出头部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画胸部和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画脚。條萊垍頭

2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出头部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画胸部和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、脚。萊垍頭條

翠鸟條萊垍頭

1、蘸三青点出鸟的头部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染胸部，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。垍頭條萊

2、三青加花青点出头部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出头上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。條萊垍頭

喜鹊頭條萊垍

蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画头部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。萊垍頭條

学国画的好处萊垍頭條

学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。萊垍頭條

1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。萊垍頭條

2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。萊垍頭條

3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。萊垍頭條

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学国画是一件非常陶冶情操的事情，不仅能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本永远都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初学者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中国传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。中国之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是中国画的独特创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。中国画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，北京一得阁的云头艳，红星墨液，北京墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-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{"type":"text","text":"27、蓝灰色（花青＋白粉＋少许三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCWCdqU6Ioe8SYxMj95cQxcfnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUMCdq4eCoyMQMxagD5cfqklnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ta4kdyqQMosc8qxe2urcxAgnnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YUd28Cioyieyx6Gzec3RYynQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ug6od4Umyo84coxEXJecopO7nMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BcmgdWYcooyiO2xILldc5mc1nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiI4dO4GKoOcOIx7DWTc58lTnhD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dy0sdSgAyoka8Uxwn70czXkXnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkYsdUWAGo44uCxS8fBcCbZan7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YCgmde406oSogGx2xMscGWFNn8d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":398,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色调配方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41e1d95b6acf409292978e4241f53b42","width":533},"text":"","id":"GUowdK8sqomYOwxWE24cSjBcnuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0Aad80AeosIkOxWwr3cAZVdnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统手工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初学绘画，多使用后一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2I6dE8wOoaY4KxcRPacyCD6nGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利黄色包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。（比如姜思序堂）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmYQdy8SWoCCOexyaN0c5V4gnsc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d67ca780bafb49768ce6ec5abe21e67d","width":661},"text":"","id":"NuOadAwKSoc4c8xop6Xc3hnWn0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":309,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐颜料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ff72111d3cad4e8aaddb9e9ca384cfcb","width":679},"text":"","id":"TkCQd4AcAoGk6AxWfWDcXP9vnZs"}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGSdEuuSooaCSxwYzkcD4rZnbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RomedeSscoGK6qxIjKFcyLwQntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQ8kdeU8coYkesxAtnBcIgz3ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应反复上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初学者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6MQdWueCoMAiKxiEP6cLBHinUh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cmeydi622oo62axc5GCc5KqvnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与中国画笔墨最为匹配的载体无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥中国画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoEqdAwUOoOa8ExeQOMc3HCensd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"徽州的宣纸最好，品牌有很多，名牌的初学者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWAQdyi0Go2qOcxQRz9cjK2Lnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但不刺眼，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FqMmdESYooE2Ksxy3AXcw22rnZS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":216,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4e629ba2e44842e399767d287b8a873c","width":328},"text":"","id":"Am4ed0uoYomggExQVbucUBarnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyECdag2koYssQxWWOKcKLzpnHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":208,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐用纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c31bba533585492cafc91b26446c78d7","width":463},"text":"","id":"Fi4ydYQuqo2Ek0xEAg3c3fqxnUp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熟宣纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作画时维镇纸是中国古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立体形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯手工景德镇手绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术珍品。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面，防止画画时的墨汁、颜色等渗透到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形体的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而精工逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具体的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线平涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐精致的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。中国画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分头青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分头绿、二绿、三绿等三种），白粉等。但基本颜色只有红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1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而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有回锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAdQeUmoyakKxUFiyccL1vnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAIydWGImo4AuwxA5EOchZpvnhg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N80qdKkIqoEegIxuabdc9501nLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG8EdIqOcoyIooxY7jScEUU6nUf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"国画笔法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fea3659ff3dd4b6da012c7a055f68899","width":720},"text":"","id":"QUgSdqommoQy2KxkXe1cUPp7nTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗股与屋漏痕、飞白锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkoadosWaosIk0xG5BKcKD3dnob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J28adcUQso26ACxmgescrkcDn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是中国画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8IOd8qQ0o4okYxOqewcHqtfnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":667,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3223481cd799429dbb6657ee9fa19232","width":720},"text":"","id":"Sm66dA0WwoEcaWxmCJLcGF76n11"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88kduUUUoUYyaxmGnwcPFaanCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwqcdEwO8o4uq6xUpaWc7S98nXc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":572,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e276677b0d4f491e92805d832b573a28","width":720},"text":"","id":"EmU8do20co6EEyxiOeRcoKTVnkg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMIydG0GUoGAy4xWAobcHFJ0nWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋是相对于正手位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力增大，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqGwdYyEMoOqeixQrakcD6uAnae"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"逆锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5459b9bc97d34767b4e7214de5dcb0d1","width":720},"text":"","id":"X4q6dykcWoOYOkxchR2cbn68ngh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4EUdIacuoii4QxGKk4c3c5Mnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKmEdEAAook4KUxcV12cT3aNnyb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":670,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"露锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ed17f41112ba4887b51768a4c1ae66e5","width":720},"text":"","id":"A6gqdkSKEoSWOYx2gWEceI8lnLG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CeWqd8GIyo2m6GxIHwpc7vGInle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gi0ydSwe2ooyuyxc1zScvHdqn8Y"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":577,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"藏锋","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/l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花仕女图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔设色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢国夫人游春图》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8b26e04ba654cb4881b5270e3a1139d","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b999d32ae9914cae85aa9e3bcdb80f1d","width":481},"text":"","id":"H8cSdiQMuo42soxwLNgcLL3lnyc"}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让\"象\"具有表意功能或成为表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，学会欣赏。要对中国美术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是经典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代写意画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣赏写意画","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、萝卜画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快舒缓之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔头各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牵牛花画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立体感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立体感，又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太\"熟\"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要随时蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立体感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyM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,"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。学国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NO6gdacGWoiKwOxQXGvcTlf8nvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、学国画能陶冶情操。学习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情操。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcgEd0wqeomo46xixDcceYKInv1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学国画能提高审美。中国画具有简练、概括的特点，在学国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的学习习惯，不仅可以培养学习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和学习兴趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0Gkde2MuoqUIUxOaqscKFPrnEc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E萊垍頭條